King John (r. 1199–1216)
John, Richard’s younger brother, is often remembered as one of England’s most infamous kings. His reign was troubled by military defeats, including the loss of most of the Angevin lands in France. Domestically, John’s heavy-handed rule and high taxes alienated the barons, leading to a revolt that forced him to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. This historic document limited royal power and established legal principles that influenced the development of constitutional law in England and beyond.
Edward I “Longshanks” (r. 1272–1307)
Edward I was a formidable warrior king who strengthened royal authority and expanded English territories. Known as “Longshanks” due to his tall stature, he conquered Wales, incorporating it into the English realm, and sought to assert dominance over Scotland. Edward’s reign saw significant legal reforms, including the development of Parliament as an institution. He also introduced statutes to organize local government and justice, shaping medieval English governance. shutdown123